Worship of Jupiter King of the Gods Essay - 766 Words

Worship of Jupiter Background of Jupiter Jupiter, or Jove, is the King of the Gods, and the God of the Sky and Storms.Jupiter’s most well known symbols are the lightning bolt, and the Eagle. Jupiter is the son of the Titans, Saturn and Opis. Jupiter and his brothers, Pluto and Neptune, rebelled against Saturn and the other Titans, vanquishing them and imprisoning some of them in Tartarus. Jupiter also had three sisters, Vesta, Juno and Ceres. He is the husband to his sister Juno, and father of Vulcan, Venus, Minerva, Apollo and Diana (Twins), Mercury, Bachus, Mars, and Proserpina. Jupiter is regarded as the Roman equivalent of the Greek Deity, Zeus. Both Deities are known to create law and order, and they both are told to throw†¦show more content†¦Sacred Days The Nundinae, which recurred every nine days, was special to Jupiter, as on this day, the high priestess of Jupiter, would sacrifice a white ram to Jupiter. It was also the day that rural people would come into town to sell, and be informed of religious and political decisions. The Ides, which is the midpoint of the month, with a full moon, was sacred to Jupiter. This was because the Romans believed that the full moon was a heavenly light, representing Jupiter’s presence. On the Ides, a white lamb was led to the Capitoline Citadel, and was sacrificed to him. Festivals Jupiter also had the most festivals, and public holidays, dedicated to him than any other deity. These include: The â€Å"Vinalia altera†, on August 19th. This was the day that people asked Jupiter for good weather to ripen the grapes before harvest, and a white sheep would be sacrificed. The high priestess of Jupiter would also pick the first grape of the harvest. The â€Å"Vinalia urbana†, on April 23rd. This was the day in which new wine was offered to Jupiter. This was done by pouring large amounts of fine wine, into a ditch near the Temple of Venus Erycine, located on the Capitol. The â€Å"Metitrinalia† on October 11th. This day marked the end of the annual grape harvest. It is the day in which new wine was pressed, and mixed with old wine to control fermentation. Initially this festival was sacred to Jupiter, but later Roman sources invented a new God, Meditrina, to explainShow MoreRelatedThe Temple Of Jupiter Optimus1353 Words   |  6 Pagesin the heart of the ancient city of Rome, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, shared with Juno Regina, and Minerva, represented this tradition well. Before the iconic Temple became known as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the site came to symbolize Rome’s position as Caput Mundi, which literally means ‘head of the world’. Unfortunately, neglect, spoliation, and eventual site adaptation means that very little of the temple of Jupiter remains for us to study. Despite its disappearance overRead MoreThe And The Pagan Gods958 Words   |  4 PagesAfewbriefexcerptsfromstoicpoetsAdams and the Aeneid; the pagan gods represent our theistic God. I find parallels in their pagan observations about their â€Å"gods† and the powers of our theistic God. Let me explain, often times people need something that can explain what is happening in their lives. As well as something to give them hope. Many of the gods in those days had power over one thing, it almost sounded as though they were personified objects or feelings. God, as we believe, is all powerful and can changeRead MoreRoman mythology applies to the religious system, and origins of ancient Rome. These attributes are800 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion or eventually grow into becoming part of one. Two different types of religions are: monotheism and polytheism. Monotheism is the doctrine or belief that there is only one god. Well-known Monotheistic religions are: Judaism, Christianity, and Islamic. 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Defining Active and Passive Transport

Active and passive transport processes are two ways molecules and other materials move in and out of cells and across intracellular membranes. Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required. Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower concentration. There are multiple forms of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. Passive transport occurs because of the entropy of the system, so additional energy isnt required for it to occur. Compare Both active and passive transport move materials and can cross biological membranes. Contrast Active transport moves materials from lower to a higher concentration, while passive transport moves materials from higher to lower concentration.Active transport requires energy to proceed, while passive transport does not require the input of extra energy to occur. Active Transport Solutes move from a region of low concentration to high concentration. In a biological system, a membrane is crossed using enzymes and energy (ATP). Passive Transport Simple Diffusion:  Solutes move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.Facilitated Diffusion: Solutes move across a membrane from higher to lower concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins.Filtration: Solute and solvent molecules and ions cross a membrane because of hydrostatic pressure. Molecules small enough to pass through the filter may pass.Osmosis: Solvent molecules move from lower to higher  solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane. Note this makes the solute molecules more dilute.Note: Simple diffusion and osmosis are similar, except in simple diffusion, it is the solute particles that move. In osmosis, the solvent (usually water) moves across a membrane to dilute the solute particles.

Report on Key Issues in Small Business Enterprises Free Essays

| Key issues in small business enterprises| Personal Reflective Report| | Zdravko Mihaylov| BA (HONS) Business Enterprise Development2012| | Introduction Small business enterprises are important for the modern market economy in terms of innovation, employment and flexibility. They are the backbone of our economy. Around 98. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Key Issues in Small Business Enterprises or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6% of all businesses are considered small (Goodman, 2006) and every large business was at some point small. Small business enterprises are very different to large business enterprises. They operate in different circumstances, such as having different management techniques, facing different financial constraints and production choices, and bearing different relative regulatory burdens. This report’s aim is to identify some of the key issues facing small business enterprises today, addressed in the Enterprise Finance unit, in order to give better view of the challenges presented in their survival and growth. Small business enterprises are often at a competitive disadvantage to large business enterprises. They may have difficulty achieving economies of scale, where large enterprises have already been well established, they often have difficulty in acquiring sources of finance and they may have problems with government policy and regulation, which are often designed to assist specifically large enterprises (Holmes et al, 2003). Other factors that may bring to small enterprise failure include: poor credit management, poor stock management, poor pricing practice, excessive profit distribution, excessive investment in long term assets and others (Holmes et al, 2003:142). They are very dependent on the founding owners and have higher business risk. Evaluation In summary, two broad forms of business failure can be identified. The first involves the start-up of the business, bankruptcy, liquidation, voluntary wind-up/closure. The second form is where the business continues to operate, but the return on capital, time and effort contributed by owners is bellow the desired. Small business enterprises have difficulty competing with already established large enterprises. New enterprises rarely have the financial backing to set up a large-scale operation to take immediate advantage of scale economies. Except the challenges brought by the lack of history and reputation, a development of a price cutting war may become a great threat to small enterprises, as they may not have the financial capacity to withstand such competition. Some of the scale economies not available to small enterprises are listed in Figure 1. 1 in the Appendices. A way of overcoming those issues is adopting strategies to overcome some of the disadvantages or to target small niche markets in which to operate. Small business enterprises suffer from chronic undercapitalisation as they often have limited access to the capital and money markets (Tamari, 1980). Two main â€Å"gaps† can be identifies as responsible for that: Knowledge gap – lack of awareness of appropriate sources of finance and their relative merits resulting in restricted use of debt; Supply gap – unavailability of funds or exceeding cost of debt. Another barrier is the required higher rate of return on funds invested or lent due to the higher risk in small business enterprises (Storet, 1994). Problems can even arrive from the owners’ inclination of not wanting to share control of the business with investors. Other frequent cause of small business failure is the lack of liquidity or little financial planning and control. Two critical periods of financial needs are identified within the business life cycle: the start up and the rapid expansion. To overcome this problem and avoid overtrading1, a long-term finance source is needed. Different financial stress factors have also been identified by Hutchinson and Ray (1986) in each stage of the lifecycle, which can be seen on Figure 1. in Appendices. Another major challenge for small enterprises is the burden of complying with government regulations. Part of the burden problem can be attributed to poorly designed legislations. Two disadvantages are seen by this, listed in Figure 1. 2 in the Appendices. While a lot of studies show that small enterprises face a greater relative compliance burden than large enterprises, some consider that many of them ‘are so flawed that we must view their findings with scepticism’ (Brock and Evans, 1986: pp. 134-5). When looking at the small firm survival over a period of time, a key variable is net profit. It is defined by subtracting all operational costs from gross profits and the costs of closing down a business. For staying in business over a period of time, it is required that net profit should not fall below zero. In case of being positive, the firm might have some prospect for growth, while in case of being zero, it is just breaking even. If it stays negative for a period of years, it invites failure and exit from the market. Thus one might express that for staying in business, net profit should be non-negative. Small business enterprises usually have centralized control by the owner, thus his managing skills are critical for the survival of the business. Perry and Pendelton (1983) estimated that 90% of the business failures are associated with management inexperience and/or incompetence. It has been identified that managerial roles relate to the lifecycle of a business enterprise (Holmes et al, 2003:150), so different managerial skills are required for each lifecycle stage. In other words, if owners do not have the necessary managerial skill for each stage, the business might be at a great risk. Conclusion The objective of this project was to determine the key issues facing small business enterprises today, discussed in the Enterprise Finance unit, and to draw the knowledge gained. Firstly, the report begins with analysis of the disadvantages of barrier of entry, Overtrading1 – when a business expands without a solid financial foundation financial and government regulation issues of small enterprises. The report continues with examination of the survival over a period of time and the role of the owner-manager in small business enterprises. The issues listed in this report cannot be generalised for all small business enterprises, as each one has a unique structure, resources and capabilities. Further research may be required in this area before any decisive conclusions can be drawn. Bibliography Brock, W. A. , Evans, D. S. (1986). The Economies of Small Businesses: Their Role and Regulation in the US Economy. Holmes and Meier: New York. Goodman, G. (2006). Five Challenges Every Small Business Owner Faces. From http://ezinearticles. com/? Five-Challenges-Every-Small-Business-Owner-Facesid=158921 Holmes et al. (2003). Small Enterprise Finance. John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd: Sydney Perry, C. , Pendelton. W. (1983). Successful Small Business Management. Pitman Publishing: Sydney. Storey, D. J. (1994). Understanding the small business Sector. Routledge: London. Tamari, M. (1980). The financial structure of the small firm. American Journal of Small Businesses, 4:4 20-34. Appendices ————————————————- Figure 1. 1 Scale economies of large enterprises, not available to small enterprises | Longer production runs based on larger and more technologically advanced plant and machineryQuantity discounts on input purchasesEmploying specialistsMore widespread advertisingAccess to more forms of finance on better terms and conditionsMore sophisticated information gatheringLower unit costs in complying with government regulations and reporting obligations| (Adopted from Holmes et al. , 2003, pp. 52-53) ————————————————- Figure 1. 2 Government regulation disadvantages | A greater relative cost burden in complying with many forms of government regulation, because of the substantial fixed costs involvedGovernment policy measures being designed to assist large enterprises more than small enterprises| (Adopted from Holmes et al. , 2003, pp. 54) ————————————————- Figure 1. 3 A view of the financial lifecycle of a smaller growth enterprise Stage| Finance used| Predominant financial stress factor| Inception| Owner’s resources| Undercapitalisation| Growth 1 (Take-off)| Owners’ resources plus retained profits, trade credit, How to cite Report on Key Issues in Small Business Enterprises, Papers