Worship of Jupiter King of the Gods Essay - 766 Words

Worship of Jupiter Background of Jupiter Jupiter, or Jove, is the King of the Gods, and the God of the Sky and Storms.Jupiter’s most well known symbols are the lightning bolt, and the Eagle. Jupiter is the son of the Titans, Saturn and Opis. Jupiter and his brothers, Pluto and Neptune, rebelled against Saturn and the other Titans, vanquishing them and imprisoning some of them in Tartarus. Jupiter also had three sisters, Vesta, Juno and Ceres. He is the husband to his sister Juno, and father of Vulcan, Venus, Minerva, Apollo and Diana (Twins), Mercury, Bachus, Mars, and Proserpina. Jupiter is regarded as the Roman equivalent of the Greek Deity, Zeus. Both Deities are known to create law and order, and they both are told to throw†¦show more content†¦Sacred Days The Nundinae, which recurred every nine days, was special to Jupiter, as on this day, the high priestess of Jupiter, would sacrifice a white ram to Jupiter. It was also the day that rural people would come into town to sell, and be informed of religious and political decisions. The Ides, which is the midpoint of the month, with a full moon, was sacred to Jupiter. This was because the Romans believed that the full moon was a heavenly light, representing Jupiter’s presence. On the Ides, a white lamb was led to the Capitoline Citadel, and was sacrificed to him. Festivals Jupiter also had the most festivals, and public holidays, dedicated to him than any other deity. These include: The â€Å"Vinalia altera†, on August 19th. This was the day that people asked Jupiter for good weather to ripen the grapes before harvest, and a white sheep would be sacrificed. The high priestess of Jupiter would also pick the first grape of the harvest. The â€Å"Vinalia urbana†, on April 23rd. This was the day in which new wine was offered to Jupiter. This was done by pouring large amounts of fine wine, into a ditch near the Temple of Venus Erycine, located on the Capitol. The â€Å"Metitrinalia† on October 11th. This day marked the end of the annual grape harvest. It is the day in which new wine was pressed, and mixed with old wine to control fermentation. Initially this festival was sacred to Jupiter, but later Roman sources invented a new God, Meditrina, to explainShow MoreRelatedThe Temple Of Jupiter Optimus1353 Words   |  6 Pagesin the heart of the ancient city of Rome, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, shared with Juno Regina, and Minerva, represented this tradition well. Before the iconic Temple became known as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the site came to symbolize Rome’s position as Caput Mundi, which literally means ‘head of the world’. Unfortunately, neglect, spoliation, and eventual site adaptation means that very little of the temple of Jupiter remains for us to study. Despite its disappearance overRead MoreThe And The Pagan Gods958 Words   |  4 PagesAfewbriefexcerptsfromstoicpoetsAdams and the Aeneid; the pagan gods represent our theistic God. I find parallels in their pagan observations about their â€Å"gods† and the powers of our theistic God. Let me explain, often times people need something that can explain what is happening in their lives. As well as something to give them hope. Many of the gods in those days had power over one thing, it almost sounded as though they were personified objects or feelings. God, as we believe, is all powerful and can changeRead MoreRoman mythology applies to the religious system, and origins of ancient Rome. These attributes are800 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion or eventually grow into becoming part of one. Two different types of religions are: monotheism and polytheism. Monotheism is the doctrine or belief that there is only one god. Well-known Monotheistic religions are: Judaism, Christianity, and Islamic. Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god. Most religions throughout history have been noted to ha ve been Polytheistic. What are the Roman creation beliefs that we know of today? There are two stories that are believed to beRead MoreStarry Dance: Signs in the Stars During the Life of Chirst Essay681 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands† (Psalm 19:1–4). The book Psalms was written by King David, and in this verse he was talking about how the heavens proclaim the glory of God ,but does it really? Yes, the sky really does proclaim the glory of God; there are actually three areas of Christs life when the sky shows signs. The first was when God showed signs of Christs conception. The second sign was when the star of Bethlehem appeared and how it showedRead MoreThe Star of Bethlehem Essay682 Words   |  3 Pagesthree of the nine points state what the star meant to the wise men. When the wise men asked in Matthew 2:2 â€Å"Where is the one who has been born King of the Jews?† This question implies the star indicated three things: Jews, kingship, and birth. Following this qu estion, the wise men informed King Herod, â€Å"We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him.† Therefore the fourth point is that the star must rise in the east. After Herod heard of the news of the star, he called the wise men to himRead MoreThe Evolution Of Roman Gods1202 Words   |  5 PagesRoman Gods Throughout this semester, we have looked at many different Roman mythological plays, poems, and stories, and in each of these examples, a reference is made to a Roman god, or we observe their influence on a particular piece of literature. The Roman gods are often influential on the participants in our readings, or they are one of the main characters. We have caught a glimpse into their feelings, actions, and the important roles each have played. The Romans believed that immortal gods ruledRead MoreGreek And Roman Mythology881 Words   |  4 Pageshave worshiped gods, believing in their power and being afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices in order to achieve the gods mercy and generosity. They believed that, if the gods are in good mood, they will provide people with good weather conditions for growing crops. People needed explanations for different natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder and earthquake. So, ancient people believed that th ese natural phenomena are caused by the gods. A good exampleRead MoreDifferences Between Christianity And Roman Religion984 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved in gods and also they had different ways of religious. Roman did not like people turning away from Roman religion, and that caused harsh punishment to Christian to occur. Christianity became popular in Rome is after â€Å"the Jesus movement† occurred in Judea. Another key point that needs to be discussed is what the Roman did to deal with the people who turned away from Roman religion to Christianity. The first way that Roman is different than Christian is because of there believe in gods. WhileRead MoreThe Epic of Gilgamesh Compared883 Words   |  4 Pagessecret toy from everyone. When the boy is alone he would take it and worship it. This meaning is similar to Metamorphoses when Apollo wanted Daphne. Even though she refused him. He impulsively try to rape her. She was turned into a tree, but he still tried to rape the tree. Another text with the similar meaning is in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Any women Gilgamesh desired he would take married or not. Since he was part god and king. He did not care of consequence like the demon. (3) The Ox believesRead MoreA Culture Can Be Characterized By Geographical Features,1092 Words   |  5 Pagesany society in the world. It affects people’s lives everyday. Religion is â€Å"the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods†. People sacrifice valuable things to please their god or goddesses. During this time period there was no society that didn’t have a religious aspect to them. The Ancient Greeks were Polytheists, they focused mainly on their many gods, literature, architecture and religion. Over the period of their existence they fought many battles

Defining Active and Passive Transport

Active and passive transport processes are two ways molecules and other materials move in and out of cells and across intracellular membranes. Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required. Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower concentration. There are multiple forms of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. Passive transport occurs because of the entropy of the system, so additional energy isnt required for it to occur. Compare Both active and passive transport move materials and can cross biological membranes. Contrast Active transport moves materials from lower to a higher concentration, while passive transport moves materials from higher to lower concentration.Active transport requires energy to proceed, while passive transport does not require the input of extra energy to occur. Active Transport Solutes move from a region of low concentration to high concentration. In a biological system, a membrane is crossed using enzymes and energy (ATP). Passive Transport Simple Diffusion:  Solutes move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.Facilitated Diffusion: Solutes move across a membrane from higher to lower concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins.Filtration: Solute and solvent molecules and ions cross a membrane because of hydrostatic pressure. Molecules small enough to pass through the filter may pass.Osmosis: Solvent molecules move from lower to higher  solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane. Note this makes the solute molecules more dilute.Note: Simple diffusion and osmosis are similar, except in simple diffusion, it is the solute particles that move. In osmosis, the solvent (usually water) moves across a membrane to dilute the solute particles.

Report on Key Issues in Small Business Enterprises Free Essays

| Key issues in small business enterprises| Personal Reflective Report| | Zdravko Mihaylov| BA (HONS) Business Enterprise Development2012| | Introduction Small business enterprises are important for the modern market economy in terms of innovation, employment and flexibility. They are the backbone of our economy. Around 98. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Key Issues in Small Business Enterprises or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6% of all businesses are considered small (Goodman, 2006) and every large business was at some point small. Small business enterprises are very different to large business enterprises. They operate in different circumstances, such as having different management techniques, facing different financial constraints and production choices, and bearing different relative regulatory burdens. This report’s aim is to identify some of the key issues facing small business enterprises today, addressed in the Enterprise Finance unit, in order to give better view of the challenges presented in their survival and growth. Small business enterprises are often at a competitive disadvantage to large business enterprises. They may have difficulty achieving economies of scale, where large enterprises have already been well established, they often have difficulty in acquiring sources of finance and they may have problems with government policy and regulation, which are often designed to assist specifically large enterprises (Holmes et al, 2003). Other factors that may bring to small enterprise failure include: poor credit management, poor stock management, poor pricing practice, excessive profit distribution, excessive investment in long term assets and others (Holmes et al, 2003:142). They are very dependent on the founding owners and have higher business risk. Evaluation In summary, two broad forms of business failure can be identified. The first involves the start-up of the business, bankruptcy, liquidation, voluntary wind-up/closure. The second form is where the business continues to operate, but the return on capital, time and effort contributed by owners is bellow the desired. Small business enterprises have difficulty competing with already established large enterprises. New enterprises rarely have the financial backing to set up a large-scale operation to take immediate advantage of scale economies. Except the challenges brought by the lack of history and reputation, a development of a price cutting war may become a great threat to small enterprises, as they may not have the financial capacity to withstand such competition. Some of the scale economies not available to small enterprises are listed in Figure 1. 1 in the Appendices. A way of overcoming those issues is adopting strategies to overcome some of the disadvantages or to target small niche markets in which to operate. Small business enterprises suffer from chronic undercapitalisation as they often have limited access to the capital and money markets (Tamari, 1980). Two main â€Å"gaps† can be identifies as responsible for that: Knowledge gap – lack of awareness of appropriate sources of finance and their relative merits resulting in restricted use of debt; Supply gap – unavailability of funds or exceeding cost of debt. Another barrier is the required higher rate of return on funds invested or lent due to the higher risk in small business enterprises (Storet, 1994). Problems can even arrive from the owners’ inclination of not wanting to share control of the business with investors. Other frequent cause of small business failure is the lack of liquidity or little financial planning and control. Two critical periods of financial needs are identified within the business life cycle: the start up and the rapid expansion. To overcome this problem and avoid overtrading1, a long-term finance source is needed. Different financial stress factors have also been identified by Hutchinson and Ray (1986) in each stage of the lifecycle, which can be seen on Figure 1. in Appendices. Another major challenge for small enterprises is the burden of complying with government regulations. Part of the burden problem can be attributed to poorly designed legislations. Two disadvantages are seen by this, listed in Figure 1. 2 in the Appendices. While a lot of studies show that small enterprises face a greater relative compliance burden than large enterprises, some consider that many of them ‘are so flawed that we must view their findings with scepticism’ (Brock and Evans, 1986: pp. 134-5). When looking at the small firm survival over a period of time, a key variable is net profit. It is defined by subtracting all operational costs from gross profits and the costs of closing down a business. For staying in business over a period of time, it is required that net profit should not fall below zero. In case of being positive, the firm might have some prospect for growth, while in case of being zero, it is just breaking even. If it stays negative for a period of years, it invites failure and exit from the market. Thus one might express that for staying in business, net profit should be non-negative. Small business enterprises usually have centralized control by the owner, thus his managing skills are critical for the survival of the business. Perry and Pendelton (1983) estimated that 90% of the business failures are associated with management inexperience and/or incompetence. It has been identified that managerial roles relate to the lifecycle of a business enterprise (Holmes et al, 2003:150), so different managerial skills are required for each lifecycle stage. In other words, if owners do not have the necessary managerial skill for each stage, the business might be at a great risk. Conclusion The objective of this project was to determine the key issues facing small business enterprises today, discussed in the Enterprise Finance unit, and to draw the knowledge gained. Firstly, the report begins with analysis of the disadvantages of barrier of entry, Overtrading1 – when a business expands without a solid financial foundation financial and government regulation issues of small enterprises. The report continues with examination of the survival over a period of time and the role of the owner-manager in small business enterprises. The issues listed in this report cannot be generalised for all small business enterprises, as each one has a unique structure, resources and capabilities. Further research may be required in this area before any decisive conclusions can be drawn. Bibliography Brock, W. A. , Evans, D. S. (1986). The Economies of Small Businesses: Their Role and Regulation in the US Economy. Holmes and Meier: New York. Goodman, G. (2006). Five Challenges Every Small Business Owner Faces. From http://ezinearticles. com/? Five-Challenges-Every-Small-Business-Owner-Facesid=158921 Holmes et al. (2003). Small Enterprise Finance. John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd: Sydney Perry, C. , Pendelton. W. (1983). Successful Small Business Management. Pitman Publishing: Sydney. Storey, D. J. (1994). Understanding the small business Sector. Routledge: London. Tamari, M. (1980). The financial structure of the small firm. American Journal of Small Businesses, 4:4 20-34. Appendices ————————————————- Figure 1. 1 Scale economies of large enterprises, not available to small enterprises | Longer production runs based on larger and more technologically advanced plant and machineryQuantity discounts on input purchasesEmploying specialistsMore widespread advertisingAccess to more forms of finance on better terms and conditionsMore sophisticated information gatheringLower unit costs in complying with government regulations and reporting obligations| (Adopted from Holmes et al. , 2003, pp. 52-53) ————————————————- Figure 1. 2 Government regulation disadvantages | A greater relative cost burden in complying with many forms of government regulation, because of the substantial fixed costs involvedGovernment policy measures being designed to assist large enterprises more than small enterprises| (Adopted from Holmes et al. , 2003, pp. 54) ————————————————- Figure 1. 3 A view of the financial lifecycle of a smaller growth enterprise Stage| Finance used| Predominant financial stress factor| Inception| Owner’s resources| Undercapitalisation| Growth 1 (Take-off)| Owners’ resources plus retained profits, trade credit, How to cite Report on Key Issues in Small Business Enterprises, Papers

The Republican Party Essay Example For Students

The Republican Party Essay IntroductionThe Republican Party, since its first convention in Michigan in 1854, has had a philosophy that has remainedrelatively unchanged. Its oath entices Americans to believe that good government is based on the individual andthat each persons ability, dignity, freedom and responsibility must be honored and recognized How do theRepublican philosophies hold up to the ideas of some of the political thinkers that we have discussed in class. In theselection to follow, I will examine the Republicans main philosophies and will describe how Rousseau would agreeor disagree with their position. I will be using the Republican Platform of 1996 to aid in my discussion. Ideas thatwill be of focus will be the role of the government, property rights, and freedom of the individual. We will write a custom essay on The Republican Party specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Role of the GovernmentWe are the party of small, responsible and efficient government? We therefore assert the power of the Americanpeople over government, rather than the other way around. The view of the Republicans across the Nation is that the role of government should be kept to a minimum. In thissection, I will discuss certain views of the Party and how they would be accepted or rejected by Jean-JacquesRousseau. The Republican notion has been that less government is better. Rousseaus notion was that of extrication. He states that the fundamental political problem is to find a form of association that defends and protects the personand the goods of each associate with all the common force, and by means of which each one uniting with all,nevertheless obeys only himself and remains as free as before (Cahn, 367). The Republicans would agree withRousseaus idea. They (Republican Party) state that the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution shouldbe the basis for the role of government. The Tenth Amendment states:The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved tothe States respectively, or to its people. Republicans, while holding the majority in both the House and Senate have taken it upon themselves to apply alllaws to Congress, so that those who make the rules have to live by them. Rousseau agrees in respect that noassociation should be above the laws it makes. In his treatise entitled Of the Social contract or Principles of PoliticalRight, Rousseau states, Indeed, each individual may, as a man, have a particular will contrary to, or divergent from,the general will which he may have as a citizen (Cahn, 426). What Rousseau is suggesting is that a person may feelone way, but he/she must act in accordance with the general will of his/her fellow citizens. The Republicans wouldinsist that the proper role of the Government is to provide only what can be considered critical functions that cant bepreformed by individuals or private organizations; and that the best government is that which governs least. Theyplan to streamline the government and make it more effective by !competition and p rivatization. Rousseau agrees by saying that simple government is best, because it is simple. Democracy. On the subject of Democracy, Rousseau would point out that there has never been, nor will there everbe a true Democracy. He says, It is contrary to the natural order that the greater number should govern and thelesser number should be governed (Cahn, 448). Republicans would tend to lean towards the fact that people in theUnited States need to have more say in how the government is ran. Signs of a Good Government. Rousseau says that there is no way to find out the best Government, because there areas many solutions as there are combinations. He does give people an idea on how to determine if when aGovernment is working. All other things being equal, the Government under which, without naturalizations,without colonies, the Citizens become populous and multiply most is infallibly the best (Cahn, 456). .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a , .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .postImageUrl , .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a , .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a:hover , .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a:visited , .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a:active { border:0!important; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a:active , .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uedf3b0fbb973ff57dade251f4521674a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child abuse EssayPropertyThe subject of property and the rights to it have instigated many heated debates over time. Rousseaus argument isfor that of first occupant. The right of the first occupant, altough more real than that of strongest, becomes a trueright only after the establishment of property (Cahn, 428). Rousseau goes on to explain that the right ofthe individual over his/her property is subordinate to the right which the community has over it. The Republicansoppose the view of Rousseau. They consider private property rights to be the cornerstone in America. They plan tosafeguard those rights by the Fifth Amendment. This Amendment states that no man shall be depr ived of propertywithout compensation. Rousseau agrees with the Republican Party claim by saying that, Every man has by nature aright to all that is necessary to him (Cahn, 428). He agrees that the seizure of land without compensation is in itself,not in the best interest of the government. In conclusion, the r!ight of property to Rousseau was not as important as it is to the Republican Party. Freedom of the IndividualMany people believe they have their freedom, but most do not know how much they have lost. In this section, I willdiscuss the view of the freedom of individuals. Slavery. Rousseau states from the beginning that every man born into slavery is born for slavery. He continues bysaying, force made the first slaves? (Cahn, 421). What Rousseau is arguing is man has no right to bind his fellowman. He says that a man giving up his freedom, to him was an absurd idea. He also states that a person is not in theirright mind for doing so. To renounce ones liberty is to renounce ones quality as a man (Cahn, 423) Rousseaucloses his argument on slavery by stating the following:Thus, in whatever way we view things, the right of slavery is null, not only because it is illegitimate, but because it is absurd and meaningless. These words, slavery and right, are contradictory; they are mutually exclusive. Whether addressed by a man to a man, or by a man to a people, such a speech as this will be equally foolish: I makea convention with you wholly at your expense and wholly for my profit, which I shall observe as long as I pleaseand which you also shall observe as long as you please (Cahn, 424). The philosophy of the Republican Party has been to renounce the act of slavery. They have fought for the freedomof individuals through the Civil War and as well as with the Civil Rights Era of the 1960s. They believe that anindividuals right to equality was important. This is one area where Republicans have remained solid. General Will. The final aspect of freedom is the will of the people. Rousseau believes that the general will of thepeople make the social contract possible. According to him, it is possible not to just act in self-interest, but for theinterest of people of the state. Rousseau goes on to state that you gain civil liberty in a social contract. He agreeswith the philosopher Spinoza in that we are slaves to our passions. With respect to the Republican Party, theybelieve, like Rousseau that the will of the majority should take precedence. In regards to justice, the RepublicanParty states the following:The delicate balance of power between the respective branches of our national government and the governments ofthe 50 states has been eroded. The notion of judicial review has in some cases come to resemble judicial supremacy,affecting all segments of the public and private endeavor. .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 , .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .postImageUrl , .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 , .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860:hover , .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860:visited , .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860:active { border:0!important; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860:active , .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860 .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1dd9b0c27a7fee3ceeb23a8d103b860:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harriet Tubman EssayConclusionIn closing, Rousseau envisioned several different forms of government. They were based on certain principles thatwould make each one run effectively. The criteria of size and population mattered just as importantly as anythingelse that has been discussed. He would probably think that the United States was not best ran in a democraticstructure due to its size and the diversity of its population. The Republican Party, contrary to Rousseaus claim,believes that the form of government is not the problem, but how that government has been ran ineffectively. Theycontinue by stating that their philosophy has been to let government, by which its people are free, run withoutintervention of its representatives. Those people, who represent, should follow the laws that are made for theprotection of citizens. Works CitedCahn, Steven M. Classics of Modern Political Theory. Oxford University Press. New York. 1997

Luis Alvarez - A Profile of the Famous Scientist

Luis Alvarez - A Profile of the Famous Scientist Name: Luis Alvarez Born/Died: 1911-1988 Nationality: American (with antecedents in Spain and Cuba) About Luis Alvarez Luis Alvarez is a good example of how an amateur can have a profound impact on the world of paleontology. We put the word amateur is in quotation marks because, before he turned his attention to the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, Alvarez was a highly accomplished physicist (in fact, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of the resonance states of fundamental particles). He was also a lifelong inventor, and was responsible for (among other things) the Synchrotron, one of the first particle accelerators used to probe the ultimate constituents of matter. Alvarez was also involved in the later stages of the Manhattan Project, which yielded the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan at the end of World War II. In paleontology circles, though, Alvarez is best known for his late 1970s investigation (conducted with his geologist son, Walter) into the K/T Extinction, the then-mysterious event 65 million years ago that killed the dinosaurs, as well as their pterosaur and marine reptile cousins.  Alvarezs working  theory, inspired by his discovery  of a clay boundary in Italy separating geologic strata from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, was that the impact of a large comet or meteor threw up billions of tons of dust, which circled around the globe, blotted out the sun, and caused global temperatures to plunge and  the earth’s vegetation to wither, with the result that first plant-eating and then meat-eating dinosaurs starved and froze to death. Alvarezs theory, published in 1980,  was treated with intense skepticism for a full decade, but was finally accepted by the majority of scientists after scattered iridium deposits in the vicinity of the Chicxulub meteor crater (in present-day Mexico) could be traced to the impact of a large interstellar object. (The  rare element iridium is more common deeper in the earth than on the surface, and could only have been scattered in the patterns detected  by a tremendous astronomical impact.)   Still, the widespread acceptance of this theory  hasnt prevented scientists from pointing to ancillary causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs, the most likely candidate being the volcanic eruptions triggered when the Indian subcontinent slammed into the underside of Asia at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Ionic vs Covalent Bonds - Understand the Difference

Ionic vs Covalent Bonds - Understand the Difference A molecule or compound is made when two or more atoms form a  chemical bond, linking them together. The two types of bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. The distinction between them has to do with how equally the atoms participating in the bond share their electrons. Ionic Bonds In an ionic bond, one atom essentially donates an electron to stabilize the other atom. In other words, the electron spends most of its time close to the bonded atom.  Atoms that participate in an ionic bond have different electronegativity values from each other. A polar bond is formed by the attraction between oppositely-charged ions.  For example, sodium and chloride form an ionic bond, to make NaCl, or table salt. You can predict an ionic bond will form when two atoms have different electronegativity values and detect an ionic compound by its properties, including a tendency to dissociate into ions in water. Covalent Bonds In a covalent bond, the atoms are bound by shared electrons. In a true covalent bond, the electronegativity values are the same (e.g., H2, O3), although in practice the electronegativity values just need to be close. If the electron is shared equally between the atoms forming a covalent bond, then the bond is said to be nonpolar. Usually, an electron is more attracted to one atom than to another, forming a polar covalent bond. For example, the atoms in water, H2O, are held together by polar covalent bonds. You can predict a covalent bond will form between two nonmetallic atoms. Also, covalent compounds may dissolve in water, but dont dissociate into ions. Ionic vs Covalent Bonds Summary Heres a quick summary of the differences between ionic and covalent bonds, their properties, and how to recognize them: Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Description Bond between metal and nonmetal. The nonmetal attracts the electron, so it's like the metal donates its electron to it. Bond between two nonmetals with similar electronegativities. Atoms share electrons in their outer orbitals. Polarity High Low Shape No definite shape Definite shape Melting Point High Low Boiling Point High Low State at Room Temperature Solid Liquid or Gas Examples Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4 ) Methane (CH4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Chemical Species Metal and nometal (remember hydrogen can act either way) Two nonmetals Do you understand? Test your comprehension with this quiz. Key Points The two main types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent bonds.An ionic bond essentially donates an electron to the other atom participating in the bond, while electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally between the atoms.The only pure covalent bonds occur between identical atoms. Usually, there is some polarity (polar covalent bond) in which the electrons are shared, but spend more time with one atom than the other.Ionic bonds form between a metal and a nonmetal. Covalent bonds form between two nonmetals.

Paper on Financial Monitoring and Control Essay

Paper on Financial Monitoring and Control - Essay Example According to Nikolai et al (2009), efficient monitoring and control of cash ensure that there is adequate cash to undertake important activities in organizations. Cash control systems need internal control measures that are adequate and effective, which must comply with laws and regulations of any given jurisdiction where the business or project is carried out. Kutz (2003) asserts that error and lack of control over organizations assets and cash lead to business or project failure. Components of financial monitoring and control system First, roles and responsibilities form part of the components of financial monitoring and control system. Every financial or accounting officer has a role to play regarding cash receipts and disbursement as well as towards financial records. Access to cash of the organization should be limited to few authorized personnel and duties performed by different accounting and finance officers should be separated. Cash should be controlled from the time it is r eceived from customers (at the point of sale) to the point it is deposited in the bank. Point of sales terminals or cash registers need to be used. This is because point of sales terminals and cash registers allow for monitoring cash inflow. Second, financial records are components of monitoring and controlling finances. All expenses and revenue (income) transactions are recorded in general ledger. General ledgers form the foundation for generating reports and financial statements of each project. Revenue, cost and managerial accounting are used for internal purposes for planning, monitoring and controlling organization’s monies. Financial records are evidences that financial transactions took place. Financial records assist project managers to determine how much they have spent, how much they have and how much they need to spent in future (Garman and Forgue, 2007). Gross et al (2005) asserts that well kept financial records enables managers and interested parties to review r esult of financial transactions. Cash shortages and excess will be easily identified and remedial measures taken to correct the situation when proper records are kept. List of all checks received must be recorded and forwarded to the appropriate department. Cashiers must prepare daily bank deposits. Records of all billings, payables, accruals, receivables, invoices, contracts and suppliers must be kept appropriately. Third, disbursements thresholds also form part of financial monitoring and control system. Procedures that allow payments of actual expenditures must be complied with accordingly. The organization must create ceilings above which payments shall only be made through checks. For example, an organization ensures that payments above $200 must be made using checks. Furthermore, large amounts of cash to be disbursed must be authorized and approved by people who are in higher positions. For example, any expenditure above $5,000 must only be approved and authorized by the proje ct director or managing director. The organization should properly utilize petty cash systems and payments should only be made upon verification of all supporting documents. Fourth, a budget forms a component of financial monitoring and control system. Budgets reflect financial goals and objectives of a project covering a specific period of time. During budgeting, technological trends, resource pricing, employee relations, raw materials cycles, inventory levels, financial needs and seasonality should be taken into considerations (Shim and Siegel 2008). Donovan (2005) explained that before a person or organization spend what they have earned, it is important to prepare budgets to be able to focus on priorities. Therefore, every